Recent smell loss is the best predictor of COVID-19 among individuals with recent respiratory symptoms
Richard C. Gerkin
(1)
,
Kathrin Ohla
(2)
,
Maria G. Veldhuizen
(3)
,
Paule V. Joseph
(4)
,
Christine E. Kelly
(5)
,
Alyssa J. Bakke
(6)
,
Kimberley E. Steele
(4)
,
Michael C. Farruggia
(7)
,
Robert Pellegrino
(8)
,
Marta Y. Pepino
(9)
,
Cédric Bouysset
(10)
,
Graciela M. Soler
(11)
,
Veronica Pereda-Loth
(12)
,
Michele Dibattista
(13)
,
Keiland W. Cooper
(14)
,
Ilja Croijmans
(15)
,
Antonella Di Pizio
(16)
,
Mehmet Hakan Ozdener
(17)
,
Alexander W. Fjaeldstad
(18)
,
Cailu Lin
(17)
,
Mari A. Sandell
(19)
,
Preet B. Singh
(20)
,
Evelyn Brindha
(21)
,
Shannon B. Olsson
(22)
,
Luis R. Saraiva
(23)
,
Gaurav Ahuja
(24)
,
Mohammed K. Alwashahi
(25)
,
Surabhi Bhutani
(26)
,
Anna D’errico
(27)
,
Marco A. Fornazieri
(28)
,
Jérôme Golebiowski
(29)
,
Liang Dar Hwang
(30)
,
Lina Öztürk
(3)
,
Eugeni Roura
(30)
,
Sara Spinelli
(31)
,
Katherine L. Whitcroft
(32)
,
Farhoud Faraji
(33)
,
Florian Ph. S. Fischmeister
(34)
,
Thomas Heinbockel
(35)
,
Julien W. Hsieh
(36)
,
Caroline Huart
(37)
,
Iordanis Konstantinidis
(38)
,
Anna Menini
(39)
,
Gabriella Morini
(40)
,
Jonas K. Olofsson
(40)
,
Carl M. Philpott
(41)
,
Denis Pierron
(12)
,
Vonnie D. C. Shields
(42)
,
Vera V. Voznessenskaya
(43)
,
Javier Albayay
(44)
,
Aytug Altundag
(45)
,
Moustafa Bensafi
(46)
,
María Adelaida Bock
(47)
,
Orietta Calcinoni
(48)
,
William Fredborg
(40)
,
Christophe Laudamiel
(49)
,
Juyun Lim
(50)
,
Johan N. Lundström
(51)
,
Alberto Macchi
(52)
,
Pablo Meyer
(53)
,
Shima T. Moein
(54)
,
Enrique Santamaría
(54)
,
Debarka Sengupta
(24)
,
Paloma Rohlfs Dominguez
(55)
,
Hüseyin Yanik
(3)
,
Thomas Hummel
(56)
,
John E. Hayes
(6)
,
Danielle R. Reed
(17)
,
Masha Y. Niv
(57)
,
Steven D. Munger
(58)
,
Valentina Parma
(59)
,
Sanne Boesveldt
(60)
,
Jasper H. B. de Groot
(61)
,
Caterina Dinnella
(31)
,
Jessica Freiherr
(62)
,
Tatiana Laktionova
(44)
,
Sajidxa Marino
(63)
,
Erminio Monteleone
(31)
,
Alexia Nunez-Parra
(63)
,
Olagunju Abdulrahman
(64)
,
Marina Ritchie
(65)
,
Thierry Thomas-Danguin
(66, 67)
,
Julie Walsh-Messinger
(68)
,
Rashid Al Abri
(25)
,
Rafieh Alizadeh
(69)
,
Emmanuelle Bignon
(10)
,
Elena Cantone
(70)
,
Maria Paola Cecchini
(71)
,
Jingguo Chen
(72)
,
Maria Dolors Guàrdia
(73)
,
Kara C. Hoover
(74)
,
Noam Karni
(75)
,
Marta Navarro
(30)
,
Alissa A. Nolden
(76)
,
Patricia Portillo Mazal
(77)
,
Nicholas R. Rowan
(78)
,
Atiye Sarabi-Jamab
(79)
,
Nicholas S. Archer
(80)
,
Ben Chen
(81)
,
Elizabeth A. Di Valerio
(58)
,
Emma L. Feeney
(82)
,
Johannes Frasnelli
(83)
,
Mackenzie E Hannum
(17)
,
Claire Hopkins
(84)
,
Hadar Klein
(57)
,
Coralie Mignot
(56)
,
Carla Mucignat
(44)
,
Yuping Ning
(81)
,
Elif E. Ozturk
(85)
,
Mei Peng
(86)
,
Ozlem Saatci
(87)
,
Elizabeth A. Sell
(88)
,
Carol H. Yan
(89)
,
Raul Alfaro
(9)
,
G. Coureaud
(46)
,
Riley D. Herriman
(17)
,
Jeb M. Justice
(58)
,
Pavan Kumar Kaushik
(90)
,
Sachiko Koyama
(91)
,
Jonathan B. Overdevest
(92)
,
Nicola Pirastu
(93)
,
Vicente A. Ramirez
(94)
,
S. Craig Roberts
(95)
,
Barry C. Smith
(96)
,
Hongyuan Cao
(97)
,
Hong Wang
(17)
,
Patrick Balungwe Birindwa
(98)
,
Marius Baguma
(98)
,
Mehmet Hakan Ozdener
(17)
,
Florian Ph.S Fischmeister
(34)
,
María Adelaida Bock
(47)
,
Pavan Kumar Kaushik
(90)
,
Antonella Di Pizio
(16)
,
Mehmet Hakan Ozdener
(17)
,
Preet B. Singh
(20)
,
Anna d'Errico
(27)
,
Liang Dar Hwang
(99)
,
Gccr Group
,
Maria Paola Cecchini
(71)
,
Elizabeth A. Di Valerio
(58)
,
Loïc Briand
(66)
,
Sophie Nicklaus
(66)
,
Charlotte Sinding
(66)
,
Anne Tromelin
(66)
1
ASU -
Arizona State University [Tempe]
2 FZJ - Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Jülich | Jülich Research Centre
3 Mersin University
4 NIH - National Institutes of Health [Bethesda, MD, USA]
5 AbScent
6 Penn State - Pennsylvania State University
7 Yale University [New Haven]
8 University of Tennessee
9 UIUC - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana]
10 ICN - Institut de Chimie de Nice
11 Buenos Aires University and GEOG (Grupo de Estudio de Olfato y Gusto)
12 CAGT - Centre d'anthropologie et de génomique de Toulouse
13 UNIBA - Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro = University of Bari Aldo Moro
14 UC - University of California
15 Universiteit Utrecht / Utrecht University [Utrecht]
16 TUM - Technische Universität Munchen - Technical University Munich - Université Technique de Munich
17 Monell Chemical Senses Center
18 Regional Hospital West Jutland [Denmark]
19 Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki
20 UiO - University of Oslo
21 Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences
22 Tata Institute of Fundamental Research [Bangalore]
23 Sidra Medicine [Doha, Qatar]
24 IIIT-Delhi - Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology [New Delhi]
25 SQU - Sultan Qaboos University
26 SDSU - San Diego State University
27 Goethe University Frankfurt
28 State University of Londrina = Universidade Estadual de Londrina
29 Elena Cantone
30 UQ [All campuses : Brisbane, Dutton Park Gatton, Herston, St Lucia and other locations] - The University of Queensland
31 UniFI - Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence = Université de Florence
32 UCL - University College of London [London]
33 UC San Diego Health
34 Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz
35 Howard University College of Medicine [Washington, DC, USA]
36 Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University
37 Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc [Bruxelles]
38 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
39 SISSA / ISAS - Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati / International School for Advanced Studies
40 Stockholm University
41 UEA - University of East Anglia [Norwich]
42 Towson University [Towson, MD, United States]
43 A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution
44 Unipd - Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua
45 Biruni University
46 CRNL - Centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon - Lyon Neuroscience Research Center
47 Public Hospital Barrio Obrero - Hospital General de Barrio Obrero [Asunción, Paraguay]
48 Private practice [Milan]
49 DreamAir Llc
50 OSU - Oregon State University
51 Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm]
52 Uninsubria - Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria = University of Insubria [Varese]
53 IBM Watson Research Center
54 Navarrabiomed-IdiSNA
55 UEX - Universidad de Extremadura - University of Extremadura
56 TU Dresden - Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology
57 HUJ - The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
58 UF - University of Florida [Gainesville]
59 Temple University [Philadelphia]
60 WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]
61 Radboud University [Nijmegen]
62 FAU - Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg = University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
63 UCHILE - Universidad de Chile = University of Chile [Santiago]
64 FUTA - Federal University of Technology of Akure
65 UC Berkeley - University of California [Berkeley]
66 CSGA - Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon]
67 UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE]
68 University of Dayton
69 IUMS - Iran University of Medical Sciences [Tehran, Iran]
70 "Federico II" University of Naples Medical School
71 UNIVR - Università degli studi di Verona = University of Verona
72 Xjtu - Xi'an Jiaotong University
73 IRTA - Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries = Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology
74 UAF - University of Alaska [Fairbanks]
75 The Hebrew University Medical Center
76 UMASS - University of Massachusetts System
77 Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano [Buenos Aires, Argentina]
78 Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine [Baltimore]
79 IPM - Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences [Tehran]
80 CSIRO AF - CSIRO Agriculture and Food
81 GMU - The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
82 UCD - University College Dublin [Dublin]
83 UQTR - Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières
84 Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals
85 Kilis Yedi Aralik University
86 University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande]
87 Sancaktepe Education and Research Hospital
88 University of Pennsylvania
89 UC San Diego - University of California [San Diego]
90 Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
91 Indiana University [Bloomington]
92 CUMC - Columbia University Medical Center
93 Edin. - University of Edinburgh
94 UC Merced - University of California [Merced]
95 University of Stirling
96 University of London [London]
97 FSU - Florida State University [Tallahassee]
98 Université catholique de Bukavu
99 USQ - University of Southern Queensland
2 FZJ - Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Jülich | Jülich Research Centre
3 Mersin University
4 NIH - National Institutes of Health [Bethesda, MD, USA]
5 AbScent
6 Penn State - Pennsylvania State University
7 Yale University [New Haven]
8 University of Tennessee
9 UIUC - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana]
10 ICN - Institut de Chimie de Nice
11 Buenos Aires University and GEOG (Grupo de Estudio de Olfato y Gusto)
12 CAGT - Centre d'anthropologie et de génomique de Toulouse
13 UNIBA - Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro = University of Bari Aldo Moro
14 UC - University of California
15 Universiteit Utrecht / Utrecht University [Utrecht]
16 TUM - Technische Universität Munchen - Technical University Munich - Université Technique de Munich
17 Monell Chemical Senses Center
18 Regional Hospital West Jutland [Denmark]
19 Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki
20 UiO - University of Oslo
21 Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences
22 Tata Institute of Fundamental Research [Bangalore]
23 Sidra Medicine [Doha, Qatar]
24 IIIT-Delhi - Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology [New Delhi]
25 SQU - Sultan Qaboos University
26 SDSU - San Diego State University
27 Goethe University Frankfurt
28 State University of Londrina = Universidade Estadual de Londrina
29 Elena Cantone
30 UQ [All campuses : Brisbane, Dutton Park Gatton, Herston, St Lucia and other locations] - The University of Queensland
31 UniFI - Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence = Université de Florence
32 UCL - University College of London [London]
33 UC San Diego Health
34 Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz
35 Howard University College of Medicine [Washington, DC, USA]
36 Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University
37 Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc [Bruxelles]
38 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
39 SISSA / ISAS - Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati / International School for Advanced Studies
40 Stockholm University
41 UEA - University of East Anglia [Norwich]
42 Towson University [Towson, MD, United States]
43 A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution
44 Unipd - Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua
45 Biruni University
46 CRNL - Centre de recherche en neurosciences de Lyon - Lyon Neuroscience Research Center
47 Public Hospital Barrio Obrero - Hospital General de Barrio Obrero [Asunción, Paraguay]
48 Private practice [Milan]
49 DreamAir Llc
50 OSU - Oregon State University
51 Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm]
52 Uninsubria - Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria = University of Insubria [Varese]
53 IBM Watson Research Center
54 Navarrabiomed-IdiSNA
55 UEX - Universidad de Extremadura - University of Extremadura
56 TU Dresden - Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology
57 HUJ - The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
58 UF - University of Florida [Gainesville]
59 Temple University [Philadelphia]
60 WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]
61 Radboud University [Nijmegen]
62 FAU - Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg = University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
63 UCHILE - Universidad de Chile = University of Chile [Santiago]
64 FUTA - Federal University of Technology of Akure
65 UC Berkeley - University of California [Berkeley]
66 CSGA - Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon]
67 UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE]
68 University of Dayton
69 IUMS - Iran University of Medical Sciences [Tehran, Iran]
70 "Federico II" University of Naples Medical School
71 UNIVR - Università degli studi di Verona = University of Verona
72 Xjtu - Xi'an Jiaotong University
73 IRTA - Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries = Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology
74 UAF - University of Alaska [Fairbanks]
75 The Hebrew University Medical Center
76 UMASS - University of Massachusetts System
77 Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano [Buenos Aires, Argentina]
78 Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine [Baltimore]
79 IPM - Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences [Tehran]
80 CSIRO AF - CSIRO Agriculture and Food
81 GMU - The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
82 UCD - University College Dublin [Dublin]
83 UQTR - Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières
84 Guy’s and St. Thomas’ Hospitals
85 Kilis Yedi Aralik University
86 University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande]
87 Sancaktepe Education and Research Hospital
88 University of Pennsylvania
89 UC San Diego - University of California [San Diego]
90 Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
91 Indiana University [Bloomington]
92 CUMC - Columbia University Medical Center
93 Edin. - University of Edinburgh
94 UC Merced - University of California [Merced]
95 University of Stirling
96 University of London [London]
97 FSU - Florida State University [Tallahassee]
98 Université catholique de Bukavu
99 USQ - University of Southern Queensland
Richard C. Gerkin
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Kathrin Ohla
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Cédric Bouysset
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Cailu Lin
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Mari A. Sandell
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Luis R. Saraiva
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Gaurav Ahuja
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Mohammed K. Alwashahi
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Marco A. Fornazieri
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Sara Spinelli
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Jonas K. Olofsson
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Carl M. Philpott
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Moustafa Bensafi
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Johan N. Lundström
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Alberto Macchi
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Paloma Rohlfs Dominguez
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Thomas Hummel
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John E. Hayes
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Danielle R. Reed
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Masha Y. Niv
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Steven D. Munger
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Valentina Parma
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Jessica Freiherr
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Thierry Thomas-Danguin
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Rafieh Alizadeh
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Emmanuelle Bignon
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Claire Hopkins
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G. Coureaud
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Hong Wang
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Gccr Group
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Loïc Briand
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Sophie Nicklaus
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Charlotte Sinding
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Anne Tromelin
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Résumé
In a preregistered, cross-sectional study, we investigated whether olfactory loss is a reliable predictor of COVID-19 using a crowdsourced questionnaire in 23 languages to assess symptoms in individuals self-reporting recent respiratory illness. We quantified changes in chemosensory abilities during the course of the respiratory illness using 0–100 visual analog scales (VAS) for participants reporting a positive (C19+; n = 4148) or negative (C19−; n = 546) COVID-19 laboratory test outcome. Logistic regression models identified univariate and multivariate predictors of COVID-19 status and post-COVID-19 olfactory recovery. Both C19+ and C19− groups exhibited smell loss, but it was significantly larger in C19+ participants (mean ± SD, C19+: −82.5 ± 27.2 points; C19−: −59.8 ± 37.7). Smell loss during illness was the best predictor of COVID-19 in both univariate and multivariate models (ROC AUC = 0.72). Additional variables provide negligible model improvement. VAS ratings of smell loss were more predictive than binary chemosensory yes/no-questions or other cardinal symptoms (e.g., fever). Olfactory recovery within 40 days of respiratory symptom onset was reported for ~50% of participants and was best predicted by time since respiratory symptom onset. We find that quantified smell loss is the best predictor of COVID-19 amongst those with symptoms of respiratory illness. To aid clinicians and contact tracers in identifying individuals with a high likelihood of having COVID-19, we propose a novel 0–10 scale to screen for recent olfactory loss, the ODoR-19. We find that numeric ratings ≤2 indicate high odds of symptomatic COVID-19 (4 < OR < 10). Once independently validated, this tool could be deployed when viral lab tests are impractical or unavailable.
| Origine | Fichiers produits par l'(les) auteur(s) |
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