Towards the Third Generation of Surgical Simulators
Résumé
Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) gets more and more common nowadays. A minimally invasive surgery is one that is less invasive than the open surgery used for the same operation. A minimally invasive procedure typically involves use of laparoscopic devices and remote control manipulation of instruments with indirect observation of the surgical field through an endoscope or similar devices. They are carried out through the skin or through a body cavity or anatomical opening. This may result in less pain, less strain of the organism, small injuries (aesthetic reasons), economic gain because of shorter hospital stays, or even allow outpatient treatment. On the other hand, there exist some important disadvantages for the surgeon as restricted vision of the surgeon, difficult handling of the instruments, very restricted mobility, difficult hand-eye coordination and no tactile perception. Therefore, an important training phase is required before a surgeon acquires the skills necessary to adequately perform mini- mally invasive surgery.
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