Reproductive inequality in humans and other mammals
Cody Ross
,
Paul Hooper
,
Jennifer Smith
(1)
,
Adrian Jaeggi
,
Eric Alden Smith
,
Sergey Gavrilets
,
Fatema Tuz Zohora
,
John Ziker
,
Dimitris Xygalatas
,
Emily Wroblewski
(2)
,
Brian Wood
(3)
,
Bruce Winterhalder
,
Kai Willführ
,
Aiyana Willard
,
Kara Walker
,
Christopher von Rueden
,
Eckart Voland
(4)
,
Claudia Valeggia
,
Bapu Vaitla
,
Samuel Urlacher
(5)
,
Mary Towner
,
Chun-Yi Sum
,
Lawrence Sugiyama
,
Karen Strier
,
Kathrine Starkweather
,
Daniel Major-Smith
,
Mary Shenk
,
Rebecca Sear
,
Edmond Seabright
,
Ryan Schacht
,
Brooke Scelza
,
Shane Scaggs
,
Jonathan Salerno
,
Caissa Revilla-Minaya
,
Daniel Redhead
,
Anne Pusey
,
Benjamin Grant Purzycki
,
Eleanor Power
,
Anne Pisor
,
Jenni Pettay
,
Susan Perry
,
Abigail Page
,
Luis Pacheco-Cobos
,
Kathryn Oths
,
Seung-Yun Oh
,
David Nolin
,
Daniel Nettle
,
Cristina Moya
,
Andrea Bamberg Migliano
,
Karl Mertens
,
Rita Mcnamara
,
Richard Mcelreath
,
Siobhan Mattison
,
Eric Massengill
,
Frank Marlowe
,
Felicia Madimenos
,
Shane Macfarlan
,
Virpi Lummaa
,
Roberto Lizarralde
,
Ruizhe Liu
,
Melissa Liebert
,
Sheina Lew-Levy
,
Paul Leslie
,
Joseph Lanning
,
Karen Kramer
,
Jeremy Koster
,
Hillard Kaplan
,
Bayarsaikhan Jamsranjav
,
A. Magdalena Hurtado
,
Kim Hill
,
Barry Hewlett
,
Samuli Helle
,
Thomas Headland
,
Janet Headland
,
Michael Gurven
,
Gianluca Grimalda
,
Russell Greaves
,
Christopher Golden
,
Irene Godoy
,
Mhairi Gibson
,
Claire El Mouden
,
Mark Dyble
,
Patricia Draper
,
Sean Downey
,
Angelina Demarco
,
Helen Elizabeth Davis
,
Stefani Crabtree
,
Carmen Cortez
,
Heidi Colleran
,
Emma Cohen
,
Gregory Clark
,
Julia Clark
,
Mark Caudell
,
Chelsea Carminito
,
John Bunce
,
Adam Boyette
,
Samuel Bowles
,
Tami Blumenfield
,
Bret Beheim
,
Stephen Beckerman
,
Quentin Atkinson
,
Coren Apicella
,
Nurul Alam
,
Monique Borgerhoff Mulder
Cody Ross
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309057
- ORCID : 0000-0002-0067-4799
Paul Hooper
- Function : Author
Jennifer Smith
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309058
- ORCID : 0000-0002-3342-4454
Adrian Jaeggi
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1197227
- ORCID : 0000-0003-1695-0388
Eric Alden Smith
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309059
- ORCID : 0000-0002-9482-9666
Sergey Gavrilets
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309060
- ORCID : 0000-0003-1581-4018
Fatema Tuz Zohora
- Function : Author
John Ziker
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1223510
- ORCID : 0000-0001-9059-5594
Dimitris Xygalatas
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309061
- ORCID : 0000-0003-1561-9327
Brian Wood
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 805915
- ORCID : 0000-0002-8187-9429
Bruce Winterhalder
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1223499
- ORCID : 0000-0001-6560-3302
Kai Willführ
- Function : Author
Aiyana Willard
- Function : Author
Kara Walker
- Function : Author
Christopher von Rueden
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309062
- ORCID : 0000-0002-3225-5791
Eckart Voland
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 827830
- ORCID : 0000-0002-2283-2735
Claudia Valeggia
- Function : Author
Bapu Vaitla
- Function : Author
Mary Towner
- Function : Author
Chun-Yi Sum
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309063
- ORCID : 0000-0001-6507-9184
Lawrence Sugiyama
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309064
- ORCID : 0000-0003-1279-0006
Karen Strier
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 816987
- ORCID : 0000-0003-2520-9110
Kathrine Starkweather
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309065
- ORCID : 0000-0002-1554-4567
Daniel Major-Smith
- Function : Author
Mary Shenk
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309066
- ORCID : 0000-0003-2002-1469
Rebecca Sear
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309067
- ORCID : 0000-0002-4315-0223
Edmond Seabright
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309068
- ORCID : 0000-0003-3804-8010
Ryan Schacht
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309069
- ORCID : 0000-0002-4606-7345
Brooke Scelza
- Function : Author
Shane Scaggs
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309070
- ORCID : 0000-0003-1223-8588
Jonathan Salerno
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309071
- ORCID : 0000-0001-9402-6479
Caissa Revilla-Minaya
- Function : Author
Daniel Redhead
- Function : Author
Anne Pusey
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 816986
- ORCID : 0000-0002-2280-8954
Benjamin Grant Purzycki
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309072
- ORCID : 0000-0002-9595-7360
Eleanor Power
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309073
- ORCID : 0000-0002-3064-2050
Anne Pisor
- Function : Author
Jenni Pettay
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309074
- ORCID : 0000-0002-7768-5883
Susan Perry
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309075
- ORCID : 0000-0001-5306-5383
Abigail Page
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309076
- ORCID : 0000-0002-0973-1569
Luis Pacheco-Cobos
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1223498
- ORCID : 0000-0002-0992-6905
Kathryn Oths
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309077
- ORCID : 0000-0002-7832-457X
Seung-Yun Oh
- Function : Author
David Nolin
- Function : Author
Cristina Moya
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309078
- ORCID : 0000-0001-7100-9115
Andrea Bamberg Migliano
- Function : Author
Karl Mertens
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309079
- ORCID : 0000-0002-2456-1262
Rita Mcnamara
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309080
- ORCID : 0000-0002-8530-768X
Richard Mcelreath
- Function : Author
Siobhan Mattison
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309081
- ORCID : 0000-0002-9537-5459
Eric Massengill
- Function : Author
Frank Marlowe
- Function : Author
Felicia Madimenos
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309082
- ORCID : 0000-0001-5442-232X
Shane Macfarlan
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309083
- ORCID : 0000-0002-6332-9829
Virpi Lummaa
- Function : Author
Roberto Lizarralde
- Function : Author
Ruizhe Liu
- Function : Author
Melissa Liebert
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309084
- ORCID : 0000-0001-8013-6773
Sheina Lew-Levy
- Function : Author
Paul Leslie
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309085
- ORCID : 0000-0001-9856-4602
Joseph Lanning
- Function : Author
Karen Kramer
- Function : Author
Jeremy Koster
- Function : Author
Hillard Kaplan
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309086
- ORCID : 0000-0002-7398-7358
Bayarsaikhan Jamsranjav
- Function : Author
A. Magdalena Hurtado
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309087
- ORCID : 0000-0003-1025-4824
Kim Hill
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309088
- ORCID : 0000-0003-0655-0014
Barry Hewlett
- Function : Author
Samuli Helle
- Function : Author
Thomas Headland
- Function : Author
Janet Headland
- Function : Author
Michael Gurven
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 785792
- ORCID : 0000-0002-5661-527X
Gianluca Grimalda
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309089
- ORCID : 0000-0002-5605-5591
Russell Greaves
- Function : Author
Christopher Golden
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1189664
- ORCID : 0000-0002-2258-7493
Irene Godoy
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309090
- ORCID : 0000-0003-4405-226X
Mhairi Gibson
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309091
- ORCID : 0000-0001-7963-4759
Claire El Mouden
- Function : Author
Mark Dyble
- Function : Author
Patricia Draper
- Function : Author
Sean Downey
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309092
- ORCID : 0000-0001-7671-6759
Angelina Demarco
- Function : Author
Helen Elizabeth Davis
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309093
- ORCID : 0000-0002-8880-354X
Stefani Crabtree
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309094
- ORCID : 0000-0001-8585-8943
Carmen Cortez
- Function : Author
Heidi Colleran
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1303885
- ORCID : 0000-0002-2126-8116
Emma Cohen
- Function : Author
Gregory Clark
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309095
- ORCID : 0000-0001-6972-4478
Julia Clark
- Function : Author
Mark Caudell
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309096
- ORCID : 0000-0003-4456-3318
Chelsea Carminito
- Function : Author
John Bunce
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309097
- ORCID : 0000-0003-4092-485X
Adam Boyette
- Function : Author
Samuel Bowles
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309098
- ORCID : 0000-0001-6068-4430
Tami Blumenfield
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309099
- ORCID : 0000-0001-5833-0123
Bret Beheim
- Function : Author
Stephen Beckerman
- Function : Author
Quentin Atkinson
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309100
- ORCID : 0000-0002-8499-7535
Coren Apicella
- Function : Author
Nurul Alam
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309101
- ORCID : 0000-0002-1202-4451
Monique Borgerhoff Mulder
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1309102
- ORCID : 0000-0003-1117-5984
Abstract
To address claims of human exceptionalism, we determine where humans fit within the greater mammalian distribution of reproductive inequality. We show that humans exhibit lower reproductive skew (i.e., inequality in the number of surviving offspring) among males and smaller sex differences in reproductive skew than most other mammals, while nevertheless falling within the mammalian range. Additionally, female reproductive skew is higher in polygynous human populations than in polygynous nonhumans mammals on average. This patterning of skew can be attributed in part to the prevalence of monogamy in humans compared to the predominance of polygyny in nonhuman mammals, to the limited degree of polygyny in the human societies that practice it, and to the importance of unequally held rival resources to women’s fitness. The muted reproductive inequality observed in humans appears to be linked to several unusual characteristics of our species—including high levels of cooperation among males, high dependence on unequally held rival resources, complementarities between maternal and paternal investment, as well as social and legal institutions that enforce monogamous norms.
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