Policy as normative influence? On the relationship between parental leave policy and social norms in gender division of childcare across 48 countries
Simon Schindler
(1)
,
Carolin Schuster
(2)
,
Maria Olsson
(3)
,
Laura Froehlich
(4)
,
Ann‐kathrin Hübner
(2)
,
Katharina Block
(5)
,
Colette van Laar
(6)
,
Toni Schmader
(7)
,
Loes Meeussen
(6)
,
Sanne van Grootel
(6)
,
Alyssa Croft
(8)
,
Molly Shuyi Sun
(9)
,
Mare Ainsaar
(10)
,
Lianne Aarntzen
(11)
,
Magdalena Adamus
(12)
,
Joel Anderson
(13, 14)
,
Ciara Atkinson
(8)
,
Mohamad Avicenna
(15)
,
Przemysław Bąbel
(16)
,
Markus Barth
(17)
,
Tessa Benson-Greenwald
(18)
,
Edona Maloku
(19)
,
Jacques Berent
(20)
,
Hilary Bergsieker
(21)
,
Monica Biernat
(22)
,
Andreea Birneanu
(23)
,
Blerta Bodinaku
(24)
,
Janine Bosak
(25)
,
Jennifer Bosson
(26)
,
Marija Branković
(27)
,
Julius Burkauskas
(28)
,
Vladimíra Čavojová
(12)
,
Sapna Cheryan
(29)
,
Eunsoo Choi
(30)
,
Incheol Choi
(31)
,
Carlos Contreras-Ibáñez
(32)
,
Andrew Coogan
(33)
,
Ivan Danyliuk
(34)
,
Ilan Dar-Nimrod
(35)
,
Nilanjana Dasgupta
(36)
,
Soledad de Lemus
(37)
,
Thierry Devos
(38)
,
Marwan Diab
(39)
,
Amanda Diekman
(40)
,
Maria Efremova
(41)
,
Léïla Eisner
(42)
,
Anja Eller
(43)
,
Rasa Erentaite
(44)
,
Denisa Fedáková
(12)
,
Renata Franc
(45)
,
Leire Gartzia
(46)
,
Alin Gavreliuc
(23)
,
Dana Gavreliuc
(23)
,
Julija Gecaite-Stonciene
(28)
,
Adriana Germano
(47)
,
Ilaria Giovannelli
(48)
,
Renzo Gismondi Diaz
(49)
,
Lyudmila Gitikhmayeva
(50)
,
Abiy Menkir Gizaw
(51)
,
Biljana Gjoneska
(52)
,
Omar Martínez González
(43)
,
Roberto González
(53)
,
Isaac David Grijalva
(54)
,
Derya Güngör
(55)
,
Marie Gustafsson Sendén
(56)
,
William Hall
(57)
,
Charles Harb
(58)
,
Bushra Hassan
(59)
,
Tabea Hässler
(42)
,
Diala Hawi
(60)
,
Levke Henningsen
(61)
,
Annedore Hoppe
(62)
,
Keiko Ishii
(63)
,
Ivana Jakšić
(64)
,
Alba Jasini
(65)
,
Jurgita Jurkevičienė
(44)
,
Kaltrina Kelmendi
(66)
,
Teri Kirby
(67)
,
Yoko Kitakaji
(68)
,
Natasza Kosakowska-Berezecka
(69)
,
Inna Kozytska
(34)
,
Clara Kulich
(20)
,
Eva Kundtová-Klocová
(70)
,
Filiz Kunuroglu
(71)
,
Christina Lapytskaia Aidy
(72)
,
Albert Lee
(73)
,
Anna Lindqvist
(74)
,
Wilson López-López
(75)
,
Liany Luzvinda
(15)
,
Fridanna Maricchiolo
(76)
,
Delphine Martinot
(77)
,
Rita Anne Mcnamara
(78)
,
Alyson Meister
(79)
,
Tizita Lemma Melka
(51)
,
Narseta Mickuviene
(28)
,
María Isabel Miranda-Orrego
(54)
,
Thadeus Mkamwa
(80)
,
James Morandini
(35)
,
Thomas Morton
(81)
,
David Mrisho
(80)
,
Jana Nikitin
(82)
,
Sabine Otten
(83)
,
Maria Giuseppina Pacilli
(84)
,
Elizabeth Page-Gould
(9)
,
Ana Perandrés-Gómez
(37)
,
Jon Pizarro
(46)
,
Nada Pop-Jordanova
(52)
,
Joanna Pyrkosz-Pacyna
(85)
,
Sameir Quta
(86)
,
Tamilselvan Ramis
(87)
,
Nitya Rani
(88)
,
Sandrine Redersdorff
(77)
,
Isabelle Régner
(89)
,
Emma Renström
(90)
,
Adrian Rivera-Rodriguez
(36)
,
Rocha‐sánchez Tania Esmeralda
(43)
,
Tatiana Ryabichenko
(41)
,
Rim Saab
(58, 91)
,
Kiriko Sakata
(68)
,
Adil Samekin
(92)
,
Tracy Sánchez-Pacheco
(93)
,
Carolin Scheifele
(5, 94, 95)
,
Marion Schulmeyer
(49)
,
Sabine Sczesny
(96)
,
David Sirlopú
(97)
,
Vanessa Smith-Castro
(98)
,
Kadri Soo
(10)
,
Federica Spaccatini
(84)
,
Jennifer Steele
(99)
,
Melanie Steffens
(95)
,
Ines Sucic
(45)
,
Joseph Vandello
(26)
,
Laura Maria Velásquez-Díaz
(75)
,
Melissa Vink
(11)
,
Eva Vives
(89)
,
Turuwark Zalalam Warkineh
(51)
,
Iris Žeželj
(64)
,
Xiaoxiao Zhang
(100)
,
Xian Zhao
(101)
,
Yasin Koc
(83)
,
Ömer Erdem Kocak
(102)
,
Sarah Martiny
(103)
1
Federal University of Applied Adminstrative Sciences
2 Leuphana University of Lüneburg
3 Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences - Høgskolen i Innlandet
4 FernUniversität in Hagen
5 UvA - University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] = Universiteit van Amsterdam
6 University of Leuven K.U.Leuven
7 UBC - University of British Columbia
8 University of Arizona
9 University of Toronto
10 University of Tartu
11 Universiteit Utrecht / Utrecht University [Utrecht]
12 SAS - Slovak Academy of Sciences
13 ACU - Australian Catholic University
14 La Trobe University
15 State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatuillah Jakarta
16 UJ - Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie = Jagiellonian University
17 UQ [All campuses : Brisbane, Dutton Park Gatton, Herston, St Lucia and other locations] - The University of Queensland
18 Indiana University [Bloomington]
19 Rochester Institute of Technology in Kosovo (RIT)
20 UNIGE - Université de Genève = University of Geneva
21 University of Waterloo [Waterloo]
22 University of Kansas [Kansas City]
23 UVT - Universitatea de Vest din Timișoara [România] = West University of Timișoara [Romania] = Université Ouest de Timișoara [Roumanie]
24 University of Tirana
25 DCU - Dublin City University [Dublin]
26 USF - University of South Florida [Tampa]
27 Singidunum University
28 LSMU - Lithuanian University of health Sciences
29 University of Washington [Seattle]
30 Korea University [Seoul]
31 SNU - Seoul National University [Seoul]
32 UAM - Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana [Mexico]
33 Maynooth University - National University of Ireland Maynooth
34 Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
35 The University of Sydney
36 UMass Amherst - University of Massachusetts [Amherst]
37 UGR - Universidad de Granada = University of Granada
38 SDSU - San Diego State University
39 Stellenbosch University
40 Indiana State University
41 HSE - Vysšaja škola èkonomiki = National Research University Higher School of Economics [Moscow]
42 UZH - Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich
43 UNAM - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico
44 KTU - Kaunas University of Technology
45 Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar
46 Deusto Business School
47 Yale University [New Haven]
48 University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara [Chieti]
49 Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra
50 L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University
51 BDU - Bahir Dar University
52 MASA - Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts [Skopje, North Macedonia]
53 UC - Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
54 Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador
55 KU Leuven - Catholic University of Leuven = Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
56 Stockholm University
57 Brock University [Canada]
58 AUB - American University of Beirut [Beyrouth]
59 2IU - International Islamic University [Islamabad, Pakistan]
60 Doha Institute for Graduate Studies
61 University of Exeter
62 University of Applied Sciences, Leipzig
63 Nagoya City University [Nagoya, Japan]
64 University of Belgrade [Belgrade]
65 University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
66 University of Prishtina
67 Purdue University [West Lafayette]
68 Hiroshima University
69 UG - University of Gdańsk
70 MUNI - Masaryk University [Brno]
71 IKCU - Izmir Katip Celebi University
72 NYU - New York University [New York]
73 NTU - Nanyang Technological University [Singapour]
74 Lund University
75 PUJ - Pontificia Universidad Javeriana
76 ROMA TRE - Università degli Studi Roma Tre = Roma Tre University
77 LAPSCO - Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive
78 Victoria University of Wellington
79 IMD Business School
80 Saint Augustine University of Tanzania
81 ITU - IT University of Copenhagen
82 University of Vienna
83 University of Groningen [Groningen]
84 UNIPG - Università degli Studi di Perugia = University of Perugia
85 AGH UST - AGH University of Science and Technology [Krakow, PL]
86 IUG - IU Gaza - Islamic University of Gaza
87 Sunway University [Malaysia]
88 Independent Researcher
89 AMU - Aix Marseille Université
90 GU - Göteborgs Universitet = University of Gothenburg
91 University of Sussex
92 M. Narikbayev KAZGUU University
93 Universität Osnabrück - Osnabrück University
94 Research Foundation of Flanders
95 RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau
96 UNIBE - Universität Bern = University of Bern = Université de Berne
97 USS - Universidad San Sebastian = San Sebastian University [Santiago, Chile]
98 National University of Costa Rica
99 York University [Toronto]
100 Shenzhen University [Shenzhen]
101 Ohio University
102 Instanbul Medipol University
103 UiT - The Arctic University of Norway [Tromsø, Norway]
2 Leuphana University of Lüneburg
3 Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences - Høgskolen i Innlandet
4 FernUniversität in Hagen
5 UvA - University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] = Universiteit van Amsterdam
6 University of Leuven K.U.Leuven
7 UBC - University of British Columbia
8 University of Arizona
9 University of Toronto
10 University of Tartu
11 Universiteit Utrecht / Utrecht University [Utrecht]
12 SAS - Slovak Academy of Sciences
13 ACU - Australian Catholic University
14 La Trobe University
15 State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatuillah Jakarta
16 UJ - Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie = Jagiellonian University
17 UQ [All campuses : Brisbane, Dutton Park Gatton, Herston, St Lucia and other locations] - The University of Queensland
18 Indiana University [Bloomington]
19 Rochester Institute of Technology in Kosovo (RIT)
20 UNIGE - Université de Genève = University of Geneva
21 University of Waterloo [Waterloo]
22 University of Kansas [Kansas City]
23 UVT - Universitatea de Vest din Timișoara [România] = West University of Timișoara [Romania] = Université Ouest de Timișoara [Roumanie]
24 University of Tirana
25 DCU - Dublin City University [Dublin]
26 USF - University of South Florida [Tampa]
27 Singidunum University
28 LSMU - Lithuanian University of health Sciences
29 University of Washington [Seattle]
30 Korea University [Seoul]
31 SNU - Seoul National University [Seoul]
32 UAM - Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana [Mexico]
33 Maynooth University - National University of Ireland Maynooth
34 Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
35 The University of Sydney
36 UMass Amherst - University of Massachusetts [Amherst]
37 UGR - Universidad de Granada = University of Granada
38 SDSU - San Diego State University
39 Stellenbosch University
40 Indiana State University
41 HSE - Vysšaja škola èkonomiki = National Research University Higher School of Economics [Moscow]
42 UZH - Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich
43 UNAM - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico
44 KTU - Kaunas University of Technology
45 Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar
46 Deusto Business School
47 Yale University [New Haven]
48 University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara [Chieti]
49 Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra
50 L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University
51 BDU - Bahir Dar University
52 MASA - Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts [Skopje, North Macedonia]
53 UC - Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
54 Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador
55 KU Leuven - Catholic University of Leuven = Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
56 Stockholm University
57 Brock University [Canada]
58 AUB - American University of Beirut [Beyrouth]
59 2IU - International Islamic University [Islamabad, Pakistan]
60 Doha Institute for Graduate Studies
61 University of Exeter
62 University of Applied Sciences, Leipzig
63 Nagoya City University [Nagoya, Japan]
64 University of Belgrade [Belgrade]
65 University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
66 University of Prishtina
67 Purdue University [West Lafayette]
68 Hiroshima University
69 UG - University of Gdańsk
70 MUNI - Masaryk University [Brno]
71 IKCU - Izmir Katip Celebi University
72 NYU - New York University [New York]
73 NTU - Nanyang Technological University [Singapour]
74 Lund University
75 PUJ - Pontificia Universidad Javeriana
76 ROMA TRE - Università degli Studi Roma Tre = Roma Tre University
77 LAPSCO - Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive
78 Victoria University of Wellington
79 IMD Business School
80 Saint Augustine University of Tanzania
81 ITU - IT University of Copenhagen
82 University of Vienna
83 University of Groningen [Groningen]
84 UNIPG - Università degli Studi di Perugia = University of Perugia
85 AGH UST - AGH University of Science and Technology [Krakow, PL]
86 IUG - IU Gaza - Islamic University of Gaza
87 Sunway University [Malaysia]
88 Independent Researcher
89 AMU - Aix Marseille Université
90 GU - Göteborgs Universitet = University of Gothenburg
91 University of Sussex
92 M. Narikbayev KAZGUU University
93 Universität Osnabrück - Osnabrück University
94 Research Foundation of Flanders
95 RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau
96 UNIBE - Universität Bern = University of Bern = Université de Berne
97 USS - Universidad San Sebastian = San Sebastian University [Santiago, Chile]
98 National University of Costa Rica
99 York University [Toronto]
100 Shenzhen University [Shenzhen]
101 Ohio University
102 Instanbul Medipol University
103 UiT - The Arctic University of Norway [Tromsø, Norway]
Simon Schindler
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 1436900
- ORCID : 0000-0003-1764-7241
Janine Bosak
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 1417107
- ORCID : 0000-0001-5701-6538
Alin Gavreliuc
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 1313214
- ORCID : 0000-0001-8411-0327
Abiy Menkir Gizaw
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 1443812
- ORCID : 0000-0002-6528-0977
Biljana Gjoneska
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 810881
- ORCID : 0000-0003-1200-6672
Annedore Hoppe
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 1443813
- ORCID : 0000-0003-4708-3301
Melanie Steffens
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 1443814
- ORCID : 0000-0002-7915-3629
Turuwark Zalalam Warkineh
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 1443815
- ORCID : 0000-0001-8121-0007
Résumé
Abstract In the present work, we addressed the relationship between parental leave policies and social norms. Using a pre‐registered, cross‐national approach, we examined the relationship between parental leave policies and the perception of social norms for the gender division of childcare. In this study, 19,259 students (11,924 women) from 48 countries indicated the degree to which they believe childcare is (descriptive norm) and should be (prescriptive norm) equally divided among mothers and fathers. Policies were primarily operationalized as the existence of parental leave options in the respective country. The descriptive and prescriptive norms of equal division of childcare were stronger when parental leave was available in a country – also when controlling for potential confounding variables. Moreover, analyses of time since policy change suggested that policy change may initially affect prescriptive norms and then descriptive norms at a later point. However, due to the cross‐sectional nature of the data, drawing causal inferences is difficult.